Cananga odorata, commonly known as Ylang-Ylang, is a tropical tree in the Annonaceae family. Native to Southeast Asia and the Pacific islands, it is highly valued for its aromatic flowers, which are the source of the famous ylang-ylang essential oil. This tree is cultivated for its ornamental, medicinal, and commercial uses, particularly in the perfume industry. Key Features: Height and Growth Habit: A fast-growing evergreen tree that can reach heights of 12–20 meters (40–65 feet) in the wild, though it is often pruned to a smaller size in cultivation for easier harvesting of flowers. Leaves: Large, glossy, and elliptical, with a pointed tip. The leaves are dark green and grow alternately along the branches. Flowers: The flowers are star-shaped with long, narrow, drooping petals. They start green and turn yellow as they mature. Highly fragrant, especially at night, the flowers produce an intense, sweet, floral aroma. They bloom year-round in tropical climates. Fruit: Produces small, black, fleshy fruits in clusters, each containing several seeds. The fruits are not commonly used but may attract birds and wildlife. Growing Conditions: Climate: Thrives in tropical and subtropical regions with warm temperatures (21–30°C or 70–86°F) and high humidity. It is sensitive to frost and grows best in USDA zones 10–12. Soil: Prefers well-drained, fertile soils with a slightly acidic to neutral pH (5.5–7.5). It can tolerate sandy or loamy soils but requires good drainage. Light: Grows best in full sun but can tolerate partial shade. Watering: Requires consistent moisture. Ensure regular watering, especially during dry spells, but avoid waterlogging. Care and Maintenance: Pruning: Regular pruning is necessary to control height and promote bushier growth, especially in cultivation. Prune after flowering to encourage new blooms. Fertilization: Apply organic compost or a balanced fertilizer during the growing season to enhance flower production. Mulching: Mulch around the base of the tree to retain soil moisture and regulate temperature. Pest and Disease Management: Generally resistant to pests but may occasionally be affected by scale insects or aphids. Ensure proper air circulation to prevent fungal issues. Uses: Essential Oil Production: Ylang-ylang flowers are distilled to produce an essential oil used in perfumes, aromatherapy, and cosmetics. The oil is known for its calming and aphrodisiac properties. Ornamental: The tree's graceful form and fragrant flowers make it a popular choice for tropical and subtropical gardens. Traditional Medicine: Parts of the tree are used in traditional medicine to treat ailments such as headaches, skin conditions, and anxiety. Ecological Value: The flowers attract pollinators like bees, enhancing biodiversity in the garden. Propagation: Seeds: Seeds can be used for propagation, but they require a warm, humid environment for successful germination. Cuttings: Semi-hardwood cuttings can be taken to propagate the tree vegetatively, ensuring the same traits as the parent plant. Cautions: Toxicity: While generally considered safe, the tree’s parts should not be ingested without proper preparation, as they may cause adverse effects. Overuse of Oil: Ylang-ylang essential oil is potent and can cause skin irritation or headaches if used excessively. Conclusion: Cananga odorata is a versatile and valuable tree that combines beauty, fragrance, and utility. Whether as a source of essential oil, an ornamental addition to gardens, or a cultural symbol, Ylang-Ylang is a cherished tree in many parts of the world. With proper care and the right growing conditions, it can thrive and provide its signature blooms and scent year-round.
